Analysis Of The Book Rip Van Winkle And Young...

In Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving and Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the wilderness is used as a place for the main characters of both stories to have profound supernatural, spiritual experiences. Washington Irving uses the wilderness and nature to add a great sense of romanticism to his writing by creating a peaceful, mystical world. In Rip Van Winkle, Iriving implies that nature’s possessive beauty offers a great escape from the conventions of everyday life and can allow one to find the inner beauty of nature and connect with their spirituality. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown takes somewhat of a different approach to the idea of nature and implies that the supernatural experiences that occur there are spiritual but add a sober sense of reality to everyday life. Hawthorne s use of dark romanticism in his writing implies that there is good, but there is also evil that exists within the natural world. Unlike Rip Van Winkle, Young Goodman Brow n does not enjoy the wilderness. Hawthorne’s dark romanticism makes nature appear evil while Iriving’s romantic approach focuses solely on the beauty of nature. Washington Irving uses nature and the wilderness like a literary device to connect to the romantic world. To the main character Rip Van Winkle, the wilderness was a place of wonder and an escape from many of societies normalities that Rip wanted absolutely nothing to do with. Many times Rip looks to nature as a get away from every day

enron movie Essay - 1638 Words

Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room A white-collar crime by definition is a crime that is committed by individuals of higher status. It is not necessarily a violent crime, but could be depending on the situation. An individual who works in a professional environment, such as the government or corporation tend to take advantage of employees and manipulate them into thinking their practices are legitimate. Some examples, of white-collar crimes include fraud, embezzlement, insider trading, and other various crimes. However, individuals who involve them selves in drugs or stealing someone’s personal possessions commit street crime. For example, it tends to be violent depending on the situation and it usually happens in a public place or†¦show more content†¦Even though Skilling was committing crimes, such as fraud, he was being recognized for his accomplishments. Mr. Skilling was training Andy Fastow to become an accomplished individual not only criminally, but financially as well. Through all that Andy Fas tow absorbed from Skilling, he started his criminal behavior. Andy Fastow created bogus companies to keep the companies debt a secret from others. With this entire event going on Fastow took money and implemented it into his personal accounts. When criminals steal money they tend to do it in small amounts, so others do not discover it, but eventually it gets to a point that it gets so out of control that the person committing the crime cannot stop because the rush is high. He felt as if what he was doing was perfectly acceptable because it should have been part of his daily routines. Since criminality is beyond social control, he had no issues committing them. He continued his behavior and Mr. Fastow only developed his ideas for the better. All of the top executives created an environment of intimate business interactions. They believed that deception was justified and â€Å"fraud is the reality† (Magnolia Home Entertainment). The final example is of Lou Pai. Lou Pai spent all his money on strippers of all things and he actually ended up divorcing his wife to marry one of the strippers because he had a child with her. Just like any company or organization people receiveShow MoreRelatedEnron Question About the Movie652 Words   |  3 Pagesconcept and rationale behind mark to market accounting and it’s significance to Enron. When the President of Enron, Kenneth Lay, hires new CEO Jeffrey Skilling, a very energetic and a â€Å"dreamer† who joins Enron on the condition that they utilize mark-to-market accounting, allowing the company to book potential profits on certain projects immediately after the deals are signed. To keep its stock price going up par example Enron began a venture that might make $50 million 10 years from now, it could claimRead More4 Ethical Issues with Enron Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of ethical issues raised in the movie â€Å"Enron-the Smartest Guys in the Room† but the four I am going to focus on are listed below. Art Anderson, Ken Lay and all of the other executives did a number of unethical things which ultimately brought down Enron and affected thousands of employees and their futures. The bottom line was that each and every one of them acted out of greed for the almighty dollar. 1- Encouraging employees to invest and buy stock in Enron when they knew the truth about theRead MoreThe Smartest Guys Of The Room, Or The Most Unethical?1723 Words   |  7 Pagesthere is always a cost. After a number of scandals from ethical misconduct within Enron, the proper course of action was once questionable, but now revealed. Nevertheless, organizations continue to struggle with moral decision-making on a daily basis as they consider the cost of making such decisions. Throughout this paper, I will discuss the key components of the ethical decision making process, the connection between Enron, and personal experience of making ethical decisions from employment historyRead MoreEnron : The Smartest Guys Of The Room Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Enron was a Houston based energy, commodities and services company. When people hear the name Enron they automatically associate their name with one of the biggest accounting and ethical scandals known to date. The documentary, â€Å"Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room,† provides an in depth examination of Enron and the Enron scandal. The film does a wonderful job of depicting the downfall of Enron and how the corporate culture and ethics were key to Enron’s fall. As the movie suggests, Enron is â€Å"notRead MoreThe Organization Behaviors Of Enron Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe Organization Behaviors of Enron Introduction Enron is considered America’s largest corporate failure in history and is a story about greed, fraud, and human tragedy. In 1986, Houston National Gas and Internorth, a natural gas pipeline company, merged to create Enron with Ken Lay as the chair and chief executive officer (CEO). Lay transformed the company into a high tech global operation that traded water, energy, broadband, and electricity. In less than a year, problems arose of fraud andRead MoreEnron Smartest Guys On The Room1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe movie ENRON smartest guys in the room is about one of the biggest corporation corruptions in the United States. In 1985, ENRON Corporation, was a company that delivers pipeline for natural gas and electricity, while mergering with Houston Natural Gas and Internorth. ENRON quickly grew into a reputable company that generated enormous profits. In a short period of time ENRON was considered one of the top global trading company for natural gas, commodities, and elect ricity. According to the statistic;Read MoreEnron Of Enron And Enron1209 Words   |  5 PagesEnron Cooperation, is a company that was based in Houston Texas and was an energy company. This company filed bankruptcy in 2001 leaving a lot of its employees that had no knowledge about what was going on jobless and the company investors losing a lot of money. This was one of biggest companies in the united states, it had a lot of assets all over the country and was operating on a lot of profit that nobody knew how and why. The movie, â€Å"Enron, The smartest guy in the room† shows that the companyRead MoreQuestions On Duty And Ethics1283 Words   |  6 PagesTRIDENT UNIVERSITY Selwyn G. Roberts Module 4 (Enron/Duty Ethics) Ethics 501 Dr. Gary B. Shelton January 28, 2016 DUTY ETHICS Duty-based ethics is a challenging concept to grasp because of the culture we currently live in. Contemplating consequences, whether good or bad is the golden rule when trying to determine the actions one should take. Our legal system is filled with do’s and don’ts which can have a direct affect on a person life. When dealing with external pressures e.g. home, work or peerRead MoreEnron : The Conspiracy Of Fools Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesmagnified in the business world around the end of 2001 and the beginning of 2002. No one had seen anything like it. Enron, one of the country’s largest energy companies, went bankrupt and took down with it Arthur Andersen, one of the five largest audit and accounting firms in the world. Enron was followed by other accounting scandals such as WorldCom, Tyco, Freddie Mac, and HealthSouth, yet Enron will always be remembered as one of the worst corporate accounting scandals of all time. Enron’s collapse wasRead MoreEnro n Case Study Essay951 Words   |  4 Pagesrise and fall of Enron, do you accept Joel Bakan’s argument that the corporation shows â€Å"psychopathic† traits? I agree with Joel Bakan, however, just partially about the corporation Enron showing ‘psychopathic’ traits. Yes there are traits that they were doing unethical actions that completely ruin many people life-long works and their lives; nonetheless, in my opinion, those actions were intentional. The executives at Enron were gambling intelligently, according to the movie, and take a risk so

Feature Article †Disrespect for Authority Free Essays

Part of our culture there has been many ideas to what the Australian narrative has become. Disrespect for authority is a very prominent idea that is still extremely vibrant in the nation today. This idea is one of many ideas that are helped to define the Australian Narrative. We will write a custom essay sample on Feature Article – Disrespect for Authority or any similar topic only for you Order Now Disrespect for Authority to Australians is renowned to someone who ‘crosses the line’ or ‘bends the rules’ for their benefits. This idea to Australians is so deeply embedded in our culture and heritage that we don’t even realise its happening. This obliviousness to, and blind acceptance of, the existence of anti-authoritarianism is by far the most dominant perception of the matter within our society. A distinguishing feature of an Aussie, who disrespected authority, can be taken back to one of our nation’s true old time legends. We all know the tales of Ned Kelly, one of our heroes from the late 1800s. This ‘legend’ was known for his courage, boldness, and bad boy behavior. Ned murdered and stole, but we still over look those negative results of his behavior, and celebrate his willingness to stand up for him self. Ned was forced into taking such actions because of the unfair treatment both him and his family had received from those in authority. It is only definite that Ned Kelly was a man who ‘bends the rules’ for his benefits, and he became famous for it. This then raises the question, is it right for Australia as a nation to celebrate such awful actions. Those ethics, such as standing up for self rights and boldness from Ned Kelly have echoed through time, leaking into our culture through numerous texts. They have also found their way into our more contemporary culture, where they have flourished through the minds of many Australians. Take the film Chopper for example; no doubt this film is a prime illustration of an Australian character that disrespects authority. Eric Banner plays the character of Chopper Reid in the film; his life story is replicated perfectly that consists of continuous lack of respect and courtesy towards authority. On numerous occasions Chopper committed to what we see as some of the worst crimes. He harmed those to what he saw as reckless criminals or other terms someone who killed for no reason. However, because of the fact that he was doing it for so called ‘good reasons’ we Australians over look that and celebrate Chopper as an Aussie icon. A prominent motive of the Australian way is having the ‘whatever’ attitude towards authority and people who are working for authority. Many Australians encourage the idea of disrespect for authority. This idea in the Australian narrative has become a continuous pattern in many Australians live. Now we have all heard of the party boy Corey Worthington, well believe it or not this young man is another classic example of a more contemporary person who has shown disrespect to authority. Corey Worthington hosted a wild party that consisted of approximately 500 youths. Not only did this uproar show disrespect to his parents, but to reporters, the law and other residents in the area. The teenager’s actions were no doubt reckless, though he considered himself a ‘legend’ for disobeying authority. Corey may have copped a $20,000 fine, but that became nothing to the praise the nation was giving him. Instead of being punished he was showered in numerous job offers, fame and many other opportunities. Corey Worthington took advantage of disrespect towards authority and was then celebrated for it. Disrespect for authority has been prominent in the past and present times and most likely to keep going onward to the future. Those who have disrespect for authority are worshiped for there actions and now days receive little to no penalty. Australians see this trait as an acceptance to our behavior as it has been embedded in the minds throughout many generations. How to cite Feature Article – Disrespect for Authority, Papers

Management and Leadership Airlines

Question: Discuss about the Management and Leadership Airlines. Answer: Introduction: In the assessment, the researcher has chosen Singapore Airlines to conduct the study. This assessment consists of critically analyzing and evaluation of Singapore Airlines Management and Leadership qualities. The topic further illustrates the outcome of Singapore Airlines in the work group and political factors of Singapore Airlines. The aviation industry consist of several crucial factors which consists of overloading, rivalry among low cost carriers, rising oil prices and threat of terrorism impact the airlines industry harmfully. Despite of all this critical factors Singapore Airlines has been able to perform to its potential. The company has a reputation of acquiring huge revenue on annual basis and achieving greater returns as compared to its competitors. Singapore Airlines also achieved several rewards and recognition from the society for its supreme service traits. The efficiency of Singapore Airlines is strictly depended on their management strategy, which consist of differen tiating themselves through service quality and innovation. The leadership style opted by Singapore Airlines is Cost Leadership Strategy (Singaporeair.com. 2016). Singapore Airlines is the flagship carrier of Singapore; it commenced its business operation from October 1, 1972. It has achieved revenue of more than $12 billion in the financial year 2010. It has the capacity to reach 63 destinations and 34 countries globally. With the innovation of modern technology and superior flights, they are outperforming in the market place with flights like Airbus A320s and Singapore Airlines Cargo. Singapore Airlines generally targets customers of high-income potential and business people by providing them with unpredictable flying experience, they has set new and modern standard of aviation industry and continuously innovating their service facilities by launching and promoting efficient aircraft to their product line (Singaporeair.com. 2016). The company came into limelight when they first introduce the worlds longest nonstop flight from Singapore to Los Angeles in 2004 and in 2007 launched the largest commercial aircraft Airbus A380. Motivational Theory: The motivational theory was developed by Abraham Maslow identifying the hierarchical needs, which leads to employee motivation. The Maslow Hierarchy Need is divided in five stages such as Physiological Needs, Safety Needs, Love Needs, Esteem Needs and Self Actualization Needs (Maslow 2013). To motivate an employee all the above-mentioned needs are important. The motivational practices addressed by Singapore Airlines are as follows: Direction: Singapore Airlines provides rewards and recognition to their employees to encourage motivation. They often initiate employee excellence and provide rewards and recognition according to their performance and appraisal. Excellence in staff performance is solicited with increased salaries and promotion to job (Zook and Allen 2013). Their main objective is to increase efficiency through rewarding employee on their performance. Rewarding and recognizing an employee leads to the effective way of retaining an employee in the organization. Singapore Airlines follow both extrinsic and intrinsic rewarding system and not always, the reward is monetary. Persistence: Singapore Airlines provides employee loyalty such as implementing the best cabin crew and becoming the best class airlines that will attract more employees to work with the company and provide efficiency in their growth. Singapore Airlines also initiate non-monetary rewarding system in their organization such as giving newsletter to motivate their employees. A reward like The Deputy Chairman Award is given annually to teams or individual those who provide unique customer satisfaction with exceptional services. These rewards have no financial implications but they increase the morale of the employee that leads to motivation (Zetner 2016). Initiation: Singapore Airlines also provide better employee communication strategy to support efficiency in excellence by motivating employees as soon as they join the company. Their primary objective is to make sound relation between manager and employees and sustaining their relationship by defining the company mission and goals. These goals are defined with the help of online communication channel, print materials and arranging meetings. Therefore, employees can address their problems to their managers immediately without wasting their valuable time and manager provide adequate measures to solve their queries. Moreover, this creates a healthy environment in the organization and productivity of the employees increases (Zook and Allen 2013). Management of Singapore Airlines: External Factors: Political: In Singapore, the political environment is generally stable in nature. The dominance of Peoples Action Party (PAP) existing in Singapore since independence. The Singapore government has very low restrictions for industries and given complete freedom to the commercial supremacy in Singapore. Most of the companies take 90% of their decisions on their possession and the government does not interfere much (Heracleous and Wirtz 2012). The government has put lot of pressure in Singapore Airlines to increase their profit and supported the organization for reduction of expenditure during economic catastrophe. Singapore Airlines foreign policy is to maintain sound relationship with various countries. Singapore Airlines has also entered free trade agreement between India, Australia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand and United States of America (Heracleous and Wirtz 2012). Economic: The Financial calamity of 2007 has relentlessly affected countries globally and brought recession to most of the countries. The crisis of this financial situation lasted through 2008 and made it very difficult for the companies to run smoothly. This depression also affected Singapore Airlines as Oil prices were increased to $140.00 per barrel on June 2008. The Singapore tourism board is providing tremendous effort in promoting Singapore Airlines. The Singapore Government has also initiated to host the Formula One Race Contests, which will help in gathering business travelers and enhance the tourism sector (Homsombat et al. 2014). Social and Cultural Factors: Singapore is known as an immigrant country and the culture is diversified intensely. The percentages of non-residing citizens in Singapore are such as 25% of foreigners and 10% permanent resident. Due to globalization and high demand of travel, people nowadays travel more often for work than leisure purposes (Homsombat et al. 2014). Singapore Airlines are committed in providing great service to their customers and a safe flight experience. For example, different cultures of people require diverse range of services that includes types of food served and welcoming language is considered to satisfy different customers accordingly. Singapore Airlines provides most of its knowledge in solving the fears of customers related to terrorism and accidents. After the incident of 2002, when 82 people died in crash at Taipei International Airport, Singapore Airlines altered all engine motor of the Aircraft A380 to retain and gain new and potential customers (Pearson an d Merkert 2014). Technological Factors: The growth of Singapore Airlines is huge and to retain that position changes in technology and modernization is their key to success. Singapore Airlines was the first airlines company to introduce micro system power in the air, which benefited the customer to keep to their working condition in the flight without turning on their laptops. Singapore Airlines also provided their customer the widest seating capacity in economic classes as compared to their competitors that help them in gaining competitive advantage (Ford, Ford and Polin 2014). Beside, in terms of Safety and Security, Singapore Airlines was ranked number one in 2008 and received number of rewards from Singapore Government (Zentner 2016). Environmental Factors: Aviation industries are always under immense pressure of sustaining the environment by reducing the rate of air pollution and noise pollution, which lead to global warming (Smit and Dula 2014). In respect to this Singapore Airlines has planned to spend more than $1.5 trillion on new modern aircraft that will be much greener and cleaner. This new aircrafts will decrease the rate of CO2 emission by approximately 21%. Moreover, they are using fuel-efficient system, training new staffs and sustaining the use of energy. They are not only performing exceptionally in their business but also adding benefits to the communities (Park et al. 2015). Internal Factors: Financial Factors: The Singapore Airlines has a flexible profitability ratio over the years and it has survived the financial catastrophe of 2008. Aviation market dimension is measured with the help of Revenue Passenger Kilometer (RPK) (Smit and Dula 2014). Having it base in Asia pacific region, Singapore Airlines consists of developed aircrafts and low cost operations. Singapore Airlines and its competitors like Cathay Pacific and Qantas has similar market share mentioned in the table below: Carrier RPK ( Revenue Passenger Kilometer) (Million) Singapore Airlines 90,130 Cathay Pacific 90,976 Qantas 99,180 Figure 1: Comparison of RPK Made by Author Marketing Factors: Due to the growth of globalization and implementation of advanced technology, the aviation industry has changed drastically over a decade. Travel agents do the main distribution networks of Singapore Airlines with the help of online booking. With the help of e- ticketing systems passengers are now able to board flights ticketless. Singapore Airlines also established a sound search engine online, such as when consumers search for Singapore Air ticket the name of Singapore Airlines pops up instantly (Smit and Dula 2014). However, the effect of marketing in social media is poor the presence of Singapore Airlines in twitter and facebook is very low despite the company promoting its business over the internet (Thomas et al. 2013). Research and Development: Singapore Airlines has one of the strongest financial backbones in the aviation industry and it is still innovating its flight leisure services and comfort for customer satisfaction. Singapore Airlines also developed and introduce the lie-flat bed in its business class in 2002. The company have also estimated to spend 12,000 million on purchasing new aircrafts over the span of five years and reorganized their cabin crew according to market segmentation and customer preference (Thomas et al. 2013). Organizational Structure: The organizational structure of Singapore Airlines is segregated by functions and it consists of drawbacks in the lower level of staffs. To handle this situation Singapore Airlines has level its organization structure with very few hierarchical levels inside the organization (Williams et al. 2016). This helps in creating autonomous and vibrant business that provides job improvement. The company encourages senior staffs to train the new employees and allow junior employees in decision-making process. The primary objective of Singapore Airlines is to maintain good and healthy working environment within the organization (Sengupta and Sengupta 2014). Elements of Organizational Structure: Complication of the Organization: Singapore Airlines consists of more than 2000 pilots, 170 ground staffs and more than 7000 employees in their cabin crews. The core activities of Singapore Airlines are to create various initiatives towards social welfare and sustainability in environmental protection. The goal of the company is to indulge researching skills in its operations to provide better qualities of services (Sengupta and Sengupta 2014). Centralization of Structure: The main framework of Singapore Airlines is handled by the Singapore Government with the help of Ministry of Finance. However, the government does not involve themselves in the management of the organization. Singapore Airlines has recruited successful presidents that increase the efficiency of the organization (Zook and Allen 2013). Formation of Structure: Formalization is the process through which an organization formalizes in setting up various rules, regulations and limitations on its members. Singapore Airlines does not implements autocratic leadership style but rather focuses on providing low level of regulation that creates a comfortable environment to work for the employees (Zetner 2016). Leadership of Change: Change leadership is a phenomenon by which organizational process move towards change. Change management is undertaken due to both internal and external forces affecting the business operations. The external forces consist of economic, political and technological changes whereas the internal forces include new strategies, low consumer satisfaction and conflict between workers (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Leadership Strategies of Singapore Airlines: The main effectiveness of Singapore Airlines lies in its dual strategy that consists of product differentiation and cost leadership. The differentiation strategy includes high quality of contributions to their customers and important investments in innovation, employee development and branding. The company has successful in implementing dual strategy better than their competitors do. Singapore Airlines has been able to delivered vigorous financial returns over the years and never acquired a loss in its long run. The company also has very less mount of debt in the market and the growth rate is higher than its competitors (Baker 2013). The main strategies of Singapore Airlines consists the following: Providing Service Superiority: The two main property of the company are people and planes. Singapore Airlines always ensures that there flights are always young and fresh. Therefore, they change their fleets on an average of 74 months old, and introduce new planes with more fuel-efficient capacity and less maintenance cost. The service facilities consist of treating employees respectively. In Singapore Airlines, they put a lot of effort in training their employees (Baker 2013). The company generally trains their employees for four long months. Their training procedure consists of several courses such as courses on manner, etiquettes, wine approval and cultural sensitivity. The cabin crews of Singapore Airlines are trained to communicate with different passengers in different ways. It also trained the employees to interact at eye level to its passengers to entertain greater service to the customers and reducing cost by minimizing customer loss. Singapore Airlines provides training kee ping in mind the cost factor and increasing deliverance of huge service to the customers (Ford, Ford and Polin 2014). A Singapore Airlines trainer consists of senior crew members or exterior experts. Singapore Airlines always try to minimize their costs and every decision they take are based on cost consideration. Their primary aim is to decrease waste with no compromising in customer service. Moreover, Singapore Airlines cost related to fuel, labor and fleet depreciation is approximately 29% that is much lower than other airlines companies (Suhartanto and Noor 2012). Innovation: Singapore Airlines is one of the reputable innovator in the aviation industries, they bought huge transformation in the industry. Such as customer entertainment system in all the classes, modern sound system, food menus for business class passengers and one of the widest seating capacities. Singapore Airlines spends 40% on training the employees, 30% on business operations and the rest 30% on innovating new aircrafts and services (Baker 2013). Singapore Airlines Product Innovation Department (PID) provides an extremely structured process that consists of identification of opportunity, evaluation of concepts and development a superior product design. Singapore Airlines also initiated forefront employees, passengers, competitors and the media to create various criticism channels. The company implements the idea that those employees provide direct services to the passengers like ground staffs and cabin crew must encourage in innovating Singapore Airlines (Narasimhalu and Mathur 2015). Technological Leadership: Each year Singapore Airlines carry out high-risk innovation projects. They were the first to launch Airbus A380 that differentiate themselves from their competitors and provided them with a competitive management (Borenstein and Rose 2014). Due to their huge financial support, Singapore Airlines are able to take calculated risks. In the year 1991, it was the first aviation company to introduce services like telephone and fax in the aircrafts. In addition, in 1988, Singapore Airlines designed a website from which passengers can book flights, choose appropriate seats and order meals (Leifer 2013). Standardization: Singapore Airlines services are mostly standardized. Their primary objective is to provide high dimensions of service operations that lead to lowering of cost and safety of the customer. Singapore Airlines focuses on personalizing customer service by gaining information from it CRM system, often address the passengers by their name, know how about their food, and drink (Narasimhalu and Mathur 2015). There are various types of customer needs while travelling such as some may look unwell, others may want to read a book and other must want to charge his/her laptop. Most of the aviation industries do not look seriously on these needs but Singapore Airlines provide get attention to these small services to fulfill customer needs (Leifer 2013). Power Politics: Singapore Airlines has received innumerous support from the Government of Singapore in terms of liaison on Tax, Low Cost Fuel and strong government support. The tax structure of Singapore Airlines is very flexible which provides Singapore Airlines to attain a competitive advantage over its competitors. For example, Delta Airlines is subject to pay 36% corporation Tax, British Airways subject to pay 30% whereas Singapore Airlines in comparison to them only pays 20% corporation Tax. In the aviation industry, government rules and regulations are necessary to be taken into consideration that enables Singapore Airlines to expand their business operations overseas (Narasimhalu and Mathur 2015). Singapore Airlines has withdrawn all its business investment from India due to political unrest. In the aviation industries, it is very important to address the need of airlines freedom. This term can be defined as the rules and regulation that follows while entering into the airspace of other count ries weather to land or not. The agreement is generally discussed at the international level between government and trade meetings (Baker 2013). The power of Singapore Airlines deal with all the core competencies of them that create a competitive advantage. The core competencies of Singapore Airlines consist of providing service excellence with decreasing the amount of cost. These core competencies are generally made by the combination of business strategies with management goals. Singapore Airlines is a exclusive brand as they provide new services to their customers like introducing hot meals, non alcoholic beverages, improved entertainment systems in their flights that enables them to distinguish themselves from other airlines companies and initiate complete customer satisfaction (Leifer 2013). Conclusion: Singapore Airlines is one of the most reputable companies in terms of customer appeal, customer satisfaction and loyalty. The organization has received numbers of rewards and recognition in the society. The main offerings of the organization are customer comforts, facilities to be attentive towards their passengers and individual services within flights. Moreover, it is also a low-priced aviation company than its competitors. For more than two decades, Singapore Airlines has managed to accomplish cost-efficient service superiority in their organization. Singapore Airlines has positioned them as a finest carrier with maximum level of of innovation in their expertise and excellence in providing passengers service. The company has adopted the use of information skills as one of their primary strategies. Singapore Airlines web site is maintained with modern technical facilities and it is user friendly. With the implementation of dual strategy in their leadership it is been observed that Singapore Airlines have gain a competitive advantage over it competitors and the organization is growing significantly with efficiency and innovation. References: Baker, D.M.A., 2013. Service quality and customer satisfaction in the airline industry: A comparison between legacy airlines and low-cost airlines.American Journal of Tourism Research,2(1), pp.67-77. Borenstein, S. and Rose, N.L., 2014. How airline markets work or do they? Regulatory reform in the airline industry. InEconomic Regulation and Its Reform: What Have We Learned?(pp. 63-135). University of Chicago Press. Davahran, D. and Yazdanifard, R., 2014. The Importance of Managing Customer Service, Safety Quality and Benchmarking of Airports and Airlines to Enhance the Performance and Customer Loyalty.Global Journal of Management And Business Research,14(4). Fan, T.P.C. and Lingblad, M., 2016. Thinking through the meteoric rise of Middle-East carriers from Singapore Airlines' vantage point.Journal of Air Transport Management,54, pp.111-122. Flamholtz, E.G., 2012.Human resource accounting: Advances in concepts, methods and applications. Springer Science Business Media. Ford, J.D., Ford, L. and Polin, B., 2014, January. Leadership in the conduct of organizational change: An integrative view. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 10830). Academy of Management. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Heracleous, L. and Wirtz, J., 2012. Strategy and organisation at Singapore Airlines: achieving sustainable advantage through dual strategy. InEnergy, Transport, the Environment(pp. 479-493). Springer London. Homsombat, W., Lei, Z. and Fu, X., 2014. Competitive effects of the airlines-within-airlines strategyPricing and route entry patterns.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,63, pp.1-16. Joo, S.J. and L. Fowler, K., 2014. Exploring comparative efficiency and determinants of efficiency for major world airlines.Benchmarking: An International Journal,21(4), pp.675-687. Karatepe, O.M. and Vatankhah, S., 2015. High-performance work practices, career satisfaction, and service recovery performance: a study of flight attendants.Tourism Review,70(1), pp.56-71. Leifer, M., 2013.Singapore's foreign policy: coping with vulnerability(Vol. 10). Routledge. Low, J.M. and Lee, B.K., 2014. Effects of internal resources on airline competitiveness.Journal of Air Transport Management,36, pp.23-32. Maslow, A.H., 2013.A theory of human motivation. Start Publishing LLC. Narasimhalu, A.D. and Mathur, S., 2015. Tagit: Mastering the Challenge of Scaling a Business. Park, N.K., Lee, J. and Park, U.D., 2015. Korean Air Cargo: Strategic Challenges in an Evolving Environment.Asian Case Research Journal,19(01), pp.127-154. Pearson, J. and Merkert, R., 2014. Airlines-within-airlines: a business model moving East.Journal of Air Transport Management,38, pp.21-26. Sawitri, D. and Muis, M., 2014. Human resource management: A strategic theoretical perspective.International Journal of Organizational Innovation (Online),6(3), p.6. Sengupta, N. and Sengupta, M., 2014. Singapore Airlines: Gliding with People Excellence. Singaporeair.com. (2016). Our Heritage. [online] Available at: https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/in/flying-withus/our-story/our-heritage/ [Accessed 30 Dec. 2016]. Singh, K., Pangarkar, N. and Heracleous, L., 2014.Business strategy in Asia: a casebook. Lulu Press, Inc. Smit, W. and Dula, C., 2014. Singapore Airlines Scoots into the Low-Cost Long-Haul Category. Suhartanto, D. and Noor, A.A., 2012. Customer satisfaction in the airline industry: the role of service quality and price. InAsia Tourism Forum Conference(p. 6). Thomas, H., Smith, R.R. and Diez, F., 2013.Human capital and global business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Williams, A.A. and Owusu-Acheampong, E., 2016. Human Resource Management Practices And Their Effect On Employee Turnover In The Hotel Industry In Cape Coast, Ghana.Global Journal of Human Resource Management,4(4), pp.35-45. Wirtz, J. and Heracleous, L., 2013. Singapore Airlines: Managing Human Resources for Cost-effective Service Excellence. Zentner, A., 2016. Service as a Strategy: A Review of Singapore Airlines.Browser Download This Paper. Zook, C. and Allen, J., 2013. Repeatability thriving amid constant change: though many companies reinvent themselves in response to change, triumph comes, too, to those that focus on a simple core strategy and learn to replicate and adapt early successes over and over again.Financial Executive,29(7), pp.28-33.

GAAP vs. IFRS comparison free essay sample

GAAP/IFRS Financial Statement Comparison Through this course we have been taking a closer look into the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The book lays out the major similarities and differences between the two separate but equal accounting methods. I say, Equal, in the sense that the IFRS and GAAP accounting methods are two different ways that the any company that could come to the conclude the financial statements for any such accounting period. The differences that have apparent between the two methods, GAAP is only used in ompanies that have been started in the United States, whereas internationally IFRS has been adopted by those prospected companies. This project will take a closer look into the financial statements of two different companies, Exxon Mobil that follows the GAAP method and British Petroleum (BP) under the IRFS accounting method. Exxon Mobil Corporation is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving, Texas, United States. We will write a custom essay sample on GAAP vs. IFRS comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is a direct descendant from John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company, and was formed on November 30, 1999, by the merger of Exxon and Mobil. British Petroleum, most often referred to as BP, is a British multinational oil and gas company in London, England, United Kingdom where the company has established their headquarters. It is the fifth-largest energy company by market capitalization, the fifth-largest company in the world measured by 2012 revenues, and the sixth-largest oil and gas company measured by 2012 production. It is one of the six oil and gas super majors. BP is not only in the business for distributing oil; rather it is vertically integrated and operates in all areas of the oil and gas industry. In Chapter 4 we discussed the different types of income statements that we use under the principles of GAAP. Of these include a single step income statement, as well as a multi step income statements. Both statements give information to the future and or present investors of the company with the net income of the company. IFRS has some different methods when dealing with the income statement, of which never mention the use of a single/multi step income statement. We covered the section dealing with extraordinary items, all of which are included in the multi step income statement. Under IFRS, we can conclude that the use of an extraordinary item is prohibited. When taking a closer look into the two financial statements of Exon and BP, we can conclude that both companies have laid out a their income statements in the similar fashion. Except under GAAP Exxon has only a consolidated income statement; where as BP has a group income statement, as well as group statement of changes in equity. Another one of the major differences that I have pulled from Chapter 4 examines the different classifications that expenses have when looking at GAAP vs. IFRS. It is stated in the book that under IFRS companies must classify their expense by either nature or function. Which is not a requirement when completing the financial statements under the techniques of GAAP. This distinction creates a break in the similarities when creating the documents. With this ditterence, there comes a break in the similarities in the representation ot the documents. Therefore creating it harder to compare Exxon and BP because the companies made their financial statements under different accounting principles. These differences between GAAP and IFRS makes it harder for future investors to ompare the two companies side by side. In chapter 5, taking a closer look into the balance sheet and the statement of cash flows. We will find similarities between GAAP and IFRS when dealing with the disclosures of the different accounts in the financial statements. When the company decides to make their financial statements with regards to their accounting policies, whether annually or quarterly, both different sets of principles will be the same in the disclosure in this manor. The Judgments that the management has made in the process of applying the entities will not vary between GAAP and IFRS. As well as, the key assumptions and estimation of the material value adjustments to the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities. It can be easily seen that the accounts for both Exxon and BP companies have many similarities. The accounts for both GAAP and IFRS have a tendency to be similar, making it easy for the reader to compare the information that is laid out in the financial statements. Other differences that we will see between the two different policies, when reviewing the balance sheet, are the way in which the assets are listed are in the everse manor on the balance sheet. When following IRFS, the accounts are listed in the terms of liquidity at the bottom of assets. Under IFRS, the information is presented with the most liquid account listed at the end of the assets division. This dissimilarity will not make a massive impact on what investors information on the company that they are reviewing. The other differences that we will see when dealing with the differences, the terminology is different under IFRS. The balance sheet is no longer stated as the Balance Sheet; it is now referred to as the Group Balance Sheet. This is not a major difference between BP and Exxon, for example in other companies that follow IFRS, the balance sheet s called the Statement of Financial Position. This difference could make it increasingly difficult when comparing two companies for future investors, if that were the case. GAAP and IFRS have both defined fair value and historical cost in the same way. With that being said, British Petroleum has begun implementing it in day-to-day use of completing the financial reports. The European countries that do their accounting ased on IFRS have been using the new sense of fair value within their companies. This difference of accounting makes the IFRS way of seeing out the completion of the financial reports much closer to the real value of the company. The IFRS statements are becoming a truer value of the company at hand, therefore playing the upper hand in the eyes of future investors. Exxon mobile still accounts for their assets under historical cost, in hindsight being a misrepresentation of the true value of the company. To sum up the similarities and differences between Exxon Mobil and British Petroleum, there are no differences that we have not already covered in the articles regarding GAAP and IFRS. The similarities between the two companies include how the both statements give information to the future and or present investors of the company with the net income of the company. As well as both companies find it necessary to lay out a financial document in regards the to the assets and liabilities Some of the major differences between these two companies deal with how these financial statements are laid out and their format. Under IFRS, the balance sheet is ot in the same order of liquidity as under GAAP. Also, there is a difference when taking into account the way that each method sees out the true valuation of an asset. Under GAAP, Exxon mobile values their assets for example PPE at historical cost; BP under IFRS does this by means of fair value. Even though these two very similar companies have different methods of accounting, this does not mean that investors do not have the means on analyzing these two companies side by side. It is still very possible that interested people still can compare these companies, while having different accounting methods.

Saint Augustine of Hippo

Saint Augustine of Hippo Christened Augustine at birth in Tagaste on November 384, St Augustine of Hippo was born to Patricius and Monica. His father, Patricius grew up as a pagan and one of the curiales of their city until his wife’s Christianity, coupled with her virtuous ways, pushed him into conversion and baptism into Christianity before he died in North Africa.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Saint Augustine of Hippo specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He had quite an uneventful youth marred only by an episode of stealing pears (Appleton 67). Augustine received a Christian education at the local catechumens where he reports to have learnt about the divine providence, a future with terrible sanctions, as well as the testimony of Jesus Christ, which he considers the most vital of all. Having excelled in his classes, Patricius decided to enroll himself at Carthage where he would pursue Forensics. However, it took several months to con solidate the necessary funding for his education at Carthage, during which he seemed very idle, leading to the loss of his virtue. As a young person, he possessed an outstanding passion about carnal matters, an awareness that only heightened when he got to Carthage. Carthage still had some evident pagan features where its ‘ungodly’ attractions, lecherous fellow students, and theatres, amongst others lured him into sin (Bright, Trump, and Fitz 65). He also lost the battle against his pride in his literary skills. In the year 372, he had a child with a mistress he had received the responsibility of seeing. Later on, Monica came to learn of it, much to her disappointment. By then, he only had nineteen years. As a result, he genuinely sought o mend his ways. In the year 373, he studied a text by Cicero, ‘Hotensius’, which marked the genesis of his love for wisdom. His devotion shifted from rhetoric, which he had studied all along, to philosophy. Rhetoric remain ed relegated to his profession. During this quest for wisdom, he encountered Manichaeism. This sect promised to help him find scientific answers to most of the mysterious phenomena that had baffled him for a while (Broadbent 89). The most mysterious aspect that he sought to understand resulted from his sinful past: he wanted to understand the source of evil. The sect also promised to introduce him to a philosophy that seemed free from the influence and restrictions of religion or faith, an idea, into which he completely bought. He read and took up their beliefs with his usual ardor and passion, which went on for nine years. In the meantime, he went back to Carthage as a young professor of rhetoric. Monica, still upset by his desertion of the truth, even refused to invite him to her house for a while. Back in Carthage, he participated in a poetic tournament, which he won thereby receiving the corona agonistica award. Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He eventually came to accept that there was no science in Manichaeism and that caused him to disown that faith. Manicheans also had an ambiguous and at times contradictory philosophy that seemed to embrace virtue while simultaneously excusing immorality. In addition to these flaws, Augustine found their counter-arguments against catholic lacking and unconvincing as they always reiterated that scriptures had some evident flaws. After repudiating the sect, he went to Italy in 383, where he started a rhetoric school only to close it a short while later when the students sought to defraud him. He got a job as a professor, which he did for a while and that was when he encountered Bishop Ambrose (Flinders 98). This kindly bishop’s exceptionally saintly behaviors would impress Augustine into conversion four years later. However, he yet wished to try several other ‘truths’ before he foun d his exact fit. He ventured into an Academic philosophy, with its ‘pessimistic skepticism’ for a while. He then tried Neo-Platonic philosophy, which genuinely impressed him based on the works of Plotinus and Plato. His only desired to find the truth, and learn how to live a perfect life, one that did not seek either honor or wealth built on a foundation of celibacy. With this goal in mind, he took his child Adeodatus, his mother Monica, and his friends, and together they resorted to Cassisiacum, where he would hold monumental discussions on various topics including truth, God, the soul, true happiness in philosophy, evil, and the providential order of the world, among others (Frost 108). People came to know these as ‘Dialogues’. Augustine received his baptism into Christianity in 387, the year his mother died, forcing him to spend some time in Carthage refuting the beliefs of Manicheans. He then went back to Africa in 388, whereupon reaching Tagaste; he so ld all his wealth and gave the proceeds to the poor beginning to live the perfect life he had always idealized. In 391, he received a priesthood consecration. Although he did not want the post, he proceeded to accept and fulfill the calling. As a priest, he seemed instrumental in the conversion of many souls. Some of his great successes include the public humiliation of Fortunatus, a Manichean doctor who had come to convert the Christians of Hippo into his sect. The humiliation proved too great for the great doctor to bear thus making him leave Hippo shortly after it happened. Augustine also banned the holding of banquets in the chapels of martyrs, and delivered a discourse during the Plenary Council of Africa that would later become the treatise, De fide et Symbolo His writings remain categorized into confessions (history of the development of his heart), retractions (growth of his mind), and letters, which define his activities in the church. His letters, currently numbered at 270 , contained practical solutions to the members’ problems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Saint Augustine of Hippo specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contra Academicos, De Beatà ¢ Vità ¢, De Ordine, On the Holiness of the Catholic Church, and The City of God form part of his great works (Kent, and Brown 43). Augustine assumed the seat as the Bishop of Hippo at 42. People have defined his episcopacy as one dominated by truth, with him as the guardian of people’s souls, and that it seemed rich with sermons on charity. Augustine led several movements, over doctrinal enemies. These included the Manichean controversy based on the concept of evil. He managed to convert a Manichaean named Felix, believed to be one of the greatest doctors (in terms of proficiency with the Manichean doctrine) of his time during one of his famous public conferences. During this conference, he gave a speech that gave clarificatio n on the nature of evil. He explained that not all of God’s laws and precepts qualify as evil in nature or by extension. Instead, evil comes from the liberty, or free will accorded man and other creatures, when people abuse the liberty (Portalie 78). Another controversy he helped straighten concerned Donatists and their questions on the sinners in the church, including the morality of priests and its influence over their hierarchy. Augustine expounded on views earlier mentioned by St. Cyprian and Opatus. He stated that a sinner could remain within the realm of the church, but only with the intention of converting him/ her in the near future. Other controversies he settled include the Arian and Pelagian controversies (Portalie 99). He died in 436. St. Augustine stood out as an impeccable man with a profound understanding on the doctrines, nature, authority, and institution of the church. He expounded on numerous confounding texts containing doctrines and helped guide most of t he dogmas advanced today about the church (Yen 66). It proves important to note that Augustine did not have any protestant views, but rather catholic, as many protestant critics seek to portray him as an anti-reformist reformer, which seems in contrast to his true nature. Nevertheless, his contribution to religion and humanity in general remains profound regardless of the lens anybody might choose to view his accomplishments. Appleton, Maine. St. Augustine of Hippo. New York: Springler, 2001.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bright, Cornelia, Trump, Bernado, and Fitz, Julie. A Biography on St. Augustine of  Hippo. Paris: Verde Inc., 2000. Broadbent, Stephen. Eternal and Spiritual Issues. The Trumpet 1.1 (1992): 28. Flinders, Lyon. On Truth, Grace, and Provident Living. Herald To Nations 3.5 (2006): 50-62. Frost, Richard. Understanding the concept of Sainthood: St. Augustine of Hippo. Roman  Theology 4.2 (1994): 23-47. Kent, Lexis, and Brown, Christopher . Saints and Cathedrals. Washington DC: Basic Books, 2004. Portalie, Eugene. Life of St. Augustine of Hippo. The Catholic Encyclopedia 1.3 (2011): 34-89. Yen, Kristen. Standard Works of The Catholic Church. Vatican: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Socialism in The United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Socialism in The United States - Essay Example This highlights the merit of the individual as a pillar of the economy, thus, leading to civil liberties which are the very foundations of democracy. 1 Change is deemed a necessity, the nature of man is inherently ever-changing. Wealth is sometimes concentrated to a small percentage of society. Carnegie talks of fortune in essence and how to allocate the surplus in fortune among individuals. He proposes that one, they can bequeath it as inheritance, two, they can donate it to be used for public good or three, the wealthy can oversee it while they are alive.2 The unnecessary concentration of wealth to one man or family can be made more beneficial if such possessions be disseminated for the advantage of a larger population. Such should be used for public benefits wherein the population will garner the primary good. It should be a duty of those who are well-off to be philanthropists and give back to the community and establish programs that will help them in a lasting way. This should be inherent among them for they are the ones who are with the resources to do so. It should come as an intrinsic obligation. The value of giving back and responsibility should be conferred its due importance as they are first and foremost citizens of the nation and should help in nation-building.3 The United States of America gives attention to providing opportunity to the population in general, granting equal chance to everyone. This, as David Potter articulates, is the only economic policy that remains constant regardless of time and circumstance within the United States. The 1930’s introduced a new outlook on the dynamics of the economy, laissez faire ideas were adapted. But this was merely a verification that the objectives of democracy outweigh all economic ideologies the nation is in pursuit of, had it not work, they would have turned into something else. 4 Adam Smith contends that preference for locally produced goods and giving support to the

Stategic Management of Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Stategic Management of Human Resources - Essay Example But today, personnel departments are replaced or merged with the human resources departments; (Is there a difference between human resources and the personnel department) hence the demarcation between the two functions has been eliminated. Therefore, now personnel departments in addition to recruiting and selecting personnel, it maintains employee records, helps in career development and training of employees, handles and enforce all kinds of laws and regulations as put forward by the state administration, and moreover, also deals with individual and unionized employees in their personnel actions. The staffing function of personnel department has three parts to it namely, selecting, hiring and training. After the organizing function of the management determines the places and the jobs that are critical for the organization performance of its functions, the role of staffing comes into play. Thus, personnel managers recruit a new pool of individuals from outside if they see no internal fillings can be done. The recruiting may begin with the ad for a job vacancy, referral etc. The short listed applicants are screened through interview and other tools that are used t evaluate such as projective techniques etc. Management discharges, dismissals, transfers are also a part of it. The handling of personnel records help the company generate weekly or monthly activity records for these to be monitored, in light of all the rules, regulations and the ordinance requirements put forth. Various documentation that is required as a part of daily operating process such as subpoenas, employment verifications and also the unemployment compensation is handled. Besides, evaluation of employees and the maintenance of data is also handled as a part of record and data base of the employees by this department. In short, it has all the classified information of all the employees that are a part of the company be it temporary, permanent, seasonal, or part time etc. Another issue that relates to the function of the personnel department is the workers compensation. Normally, under the worker compensations acts as different states' requirements puts responsibility on the personnel department. This requires the personnel department to determine the compensation - weekly, monthly or the daily wage basis. Besides, benefits such as compensation for permanent or temporary disabilities, work related injuries, other than that medical, vocational rehabilitation, insurance, or other kind of benefits for the family members of the workers is also managed by the personnel managers. It also handles workers' compensation claims, issues related to sick or annual leave, etc. Fringe benefits are also administered under this role. One of the primary functions of the personnel department is the training of employees and the workers. This helps the employees achieve the maximum level of competency and assist employees that lack in certain areas to polish and brush up their skills. The training may be aimed at conducting work out sessions for employees at the entry level position and also the managers as they climb up the ladder. The

Criminal Law Foundations Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Law Foundations Evaluation - Essay Example The flipside of the above development is that criminal elements have taken advantage of the interactive nature of globalisation to perpetuate crime in the US. In the US, the September 11th Attacks serves as the epitome of the downsides of globalisation since the attacks were planned overseas by Al-Qaeda elements and executed by hijacking airplanes before crushing them against buildings. Terrorism becomes more complicated to the US criminal justice system, given that globalisation has helped make America more multicultural. For this cause, America harbours people with criminal intent and no patriotism to the country. Courtesy of the same globalisation, the US has had to contend with the smuggling of narcotics from Latin American countries such as Mexico and Columbia, into the American soil. Similarly, the financial implications of globalisation on the US criminal justice system is underscored by the fact that since globalisation has made terrorism a global problem and America's intere sts are spread both locally and globally, the US has had to increase and fine-tune the operations of its law enforcement agencies to incorporate US' international interests. It is against the same backdrop that the US also has made frantic efforts to spread its ideals on justice and the war on terror. The US has made several efforts to have different states the world over pass and domesticate the antiterrorism bill. Comparing And Contrasting International Criminal Justice Systems (Civil Law, Common law, and Islamic Law and Socialist Law traditions) According to Dammer and Albanese (2010), the difference between civil and common law is that the latter is based on case laws and customs, while civil law mainly depends on the principle of legality and Roman law. In the common law, the judge will have to use inductive reasoning about facts presented to him, while in civil law, the judge uses deductive reasoning. In common law, the court of law can fashion an equitable solution, as one th at is fair. In civil law, it is inappropriate for the court to contrive a remedy that is not prescribed in the code. Again, in common law, the judge and jury may preside over the case, as opposed to the civil law where as panel of judges, or just one judge may preside over the case. Islamic law on the other hand appreciates human action by dividing them into the permitted [halal] and the prohibited [haram]. These are also further subdivided into different degrees of good or evil, through the use of various descriptions such as forbidden, objectionable, neutral, recommended and/ or obligatory. The source of Shariah or Islamic Law is the Quran and Islamic tradition such as Hadith. The verdict arrived at are therefore a derivation of religious views in the Quran, the Hadith and interpretations of religious scholars. The verdicts that are issued under Islamic Law are harsh since offences committed are deemed to have been committed against God. Similarly, democratic principles and even g ender parity do not feature therein. Discussing the Impact That Cyber Crime and Technology Have Had On Worldwide Justice Systems It is a fact that cybercrime and technology have impacted judicial systems, worldwide. For

AIS-MACA- Z: MACA based Clonal Classifier for Splicing Site

AIS-MACA- Z: MACA based Clonal Classifier for Splicing Site AIS-MACA- Z: MACA based Clonal Classifier for Splicing Site, Protein Coding and Promoter Region Identification in Eukaryotes Pokkuluri Kiran Sree, Inampudi Ramesh Babu, SSSN Usha Devi N   Abstract Bioinformatics incorporates information regarding biological data storage, accessing mechanisms and presentation of characteristics within this data. Most of the problems in bioinformatics and be addressed efficiently by computer techniques. This paper aims at building a classifier based on Multiple Attractor Cellular Automata (MACA) which uses fuzzy logic with version Z to predict splicing site, protein coding and promoter region identification in eukaryotes. It is strengthened with an artificial immune system technique (AIS), Clonal algorithm for choosing rules of best fitness. The proposed classifier can handle DNA sequences of lengths 54,108,162,252,354. This classifier gives the exact boundaries of both protein and promoter regions with an average accuracy of 90.6%. This classifier can predict the splicing site with 97% accuracy. This classifier was tested with 1, 97,000 data components which were taken from Fickett Toung, EPDnew, and other sequences from a renowned medical uni versity. Key Words: MACA(Multiple Attractor Cellular Automata) , CA(Cellular Automata) ,AIS( Artificial Immune System) ,Clonal Algorithm, AIS-MACA-Z(Artificial Immune System- Multiple Attractor Cellular Automata-Version Z). Introduction In recent years, study of Cellular Automata (CA) as a potential modeling tool has gained importance. Some researchers and scientists have used CA in image processing, data compression, pattern recognition, encryption, VLSI design and language recognition. Cellular Automata (CA) is a computing model which provides a good platform for performing complex computations with the available local information. CA is portrayed by local interconnectivity of cells in the network/grid. The interactions/communications between the cells are pulley local. Each cell is permitted to interact with its neighboring cells only. Further, the interconnection links typically convey just a little measure of data. No cell in the entire network will have the global view. These characteristics of CA attracted us to propose a classifier which can be very much useful for solving many problems in bioinformatics with the existing frame work. Artificial Immune System is a novel computational intelligence technique with features like distributed computing, fault /error tolerance, dynamic learning, adaption to the frame work, self monitoring, non uniformity and several features of natural immune systems. AIS take its motivation from the standard immune system of the body to propose novel computing tools for addressing many problems in wide domain areas. These features of AIS are used in the thesis to strengthen the proposed CA classifier Literature Survey Vitoantonio Bevilacqu[1] at el. tried to provide theoretical foundations for solving some problems in bioinformatics using artificial immune system like multiple sequence alignment problem and protein structure prediction. Hybrid immune algorithm was proposed for addressing multiple sequence alignment problems. Some open problems in bioinformatics are discussed and authors tried to create insight for applying AIS in bioinformatics. Shane Dixon at al has proposed Bioinformatics data mining was proposed with AIS and Neural Network. Variations in the real valued negative selection algorithm and multi layer feed forward neural network model are discussed in detail. Niloy Ganguly[2] at al has made a survey on cellular automata which say CA uses the local information and performs complex computations. Authors gave a brief discussion on the types of Cellular Automata. Niloy Ganguly at al has also proposed theoretical concept of proposing CA for pattern classification which can be applied for low cost VLSI implementation. This classifier is capable of accommodating noise based on distance metric also. Palsh Sarkar [3]also have given a brief history of cellular automata regarding the way for creating CA games like game of life and firing squad problem and creating local CA rules for specific problems. Pradipta Maji[4] at al has proposed the error correcting capability of cellular automata based on associative memory. The desired CA is evolved with formulation of simulated annealing program. X.Xiao[6] at al has used CA to generate image representation for biological sequencs. The research is amide to improve the quality of predicting protein attribut es such as structural class and sub cellular location. Adriana Popovici at al has successful applied CA in image processing. Parallelism in CA is used to remove the noise and detection of boarders in digital images. Jesus P. Mena-Chalco[5] at al has used Modified Gabor-Wavelet Transform for addressing this issue. In this connection, numerous coding DNA model-free systems dependent upon the event of particular examples of nucleotides at coding areas have been proposed. Regardless, these techniques have not been totally suitable because of their reliance on an observationally predefined window length needed for a nearby dissection of a DNA locale. Authors present a strategy dependent upon a changed Gabor-wavelet transform for the ID of protein coding areas. This novel convert is tuned to examine intermittent sign parts and presents the focal point of being free of the window length. We contrasted the execution of the MGWT and different strategies by utilizing eukaryote information sets. The effects indicate that MGWT beats all evaluated model-autonomous strategies regarding ID exactness. These effects demonstrate that the wellspring of in any event some piece of the ID lapses handled by the past s ystems is the altered working scale. The new system stays away from this wellspring of blunders as well as makes an instrument accessible for point by point investigation of the nucleotide event Changchuan Yin[6] at el has proposed a strategy to foresee protein coding areas is produced which is dependent upon the way that the vast majority of exon arrangements have a 3-base periodicity, while intron groupings dont have this interesting characteristic. The technique registers the 3-base periodicity and the foundation clamor of the stepwise DNA sections of the target DNA groupings utilizing nucleotide circulations as a part of the three codon positions of the DNA successions. Exon and intron successions might be recognized from patterns of the degree of the 3-base periodicity to the foundation commotion in the DNA groupings. Design of AIS-MACA-Z The general design of AIS-MACA-Z is indicated in the figure 1. Input to AIS-MACA-Z algorithm and its variations will be DNA sequence and Amino Acid sequences. Input processing unit will process sequences three at a time as three neighborhood cellular automata is considered for processing DNA sequences. The rule generator will transform the complemented and non complemented rules in the form of matrix, so that we can apply the rules to the corresponding sequence positions very easily. AIS-MACA-Z basins are calculated as per the instructions of proposed algorithm and an inverter tree named as AIS multiple attractor cellular automata is formed which can predict the class of the input after all iterations. Figure1: General Architecture of AIS-MACA- Z For a sample DNA sequence and fuzzy real values, the data structures AIS-MACA-Z [7,8] is shown in the figure 2. The decimal equivalent of the next state function, as defined as the rule number of the CA cell. In a 2-state 3-neighborhood CA, there are 256 distinct next state functions, among 256 rules, rule 51is represented in the following equation 1. Rule 51 : qi(t + 1) = qi(t) Equation (1) Figure2: AIS-MACA- Z data structure Experimental Results Experiments were conducted by using Fickett and Toung data [9] for predicting the protein coding regions and splicing cites. All the 21 measures reported in [9] were considered for developing the classifier. For promoter region identification human promoters from EPDnew[10]. Table 1 represents the splicing cite output. Figure 3,4,5,6 shows the prediction of promoter and protein coding regions. Table 1: Splicing Cite Output Figure3: AIS-MACA- Z Interface Identifying Protein Coding Regions Figure 4: Exons Boundary Reporting Figure 5: Coding Sequence Reporting Figure 6: Coding Sequence Probability Levels 5. Conclusion We have developed a logical classifier designed with MACA and strengthened with AIS technique that uses a fuzzy logic for predicting the slicing sites, protein and promoter regions. The accuracy of the AIS-MACA-Z classifier is considerably more when compared with the existing algorithm which is 90.6% in average. The proposed classifier can handle large data sets and sequences of various lengths. This classifier certainly provides intuition towards application of MACA to several problems in bioinformatics. 6. References Bevilacqua, Vitoantonio, Maurizio Triggiani, Vito Gallo, Isabella Cafagna, Piero Mastrorilli, and Giuseppe Ferrara. An expert system for an innovative discrimination tool of commercial table grapes. In Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications, pp. 95-102. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. Ganguly, Niloy, Biplab K. Sikdar, Andreas Deutsch, Geoffrey Canright, and P. Pal Chaudhuri. A survey on cellular automata. (2003). Sarkar, Palash, and Subhamoy Maitra. Nonlinearity bounds and constructions of resilient Boolean functions. In Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO 2000, pp. 515-532. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. Maji, Pradipta, Chandrama Shaw, Niloy Ganguly, Biplab K. Sikdar, and P. Pal Chaudhuri. Theory and application of cellular automata for pattern classification. Fundamenta Informaticae 58, no. 3 (2003): 321-354. Mena-Chalco, Jesà ºs P., Helaine Carrer, Yossi Zana, and Roberto M. Cesar. Identification of protein coding regions using the modified Gabor-wavelet transform. Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, IEEE/ACM Transactions on 5, no. 2 (2008): 198-207. Yin, Changchuan, and Stephen S-T. Yau. Prediction of protein coding regions by the 3-base periodicity analysis of a DNA sequence. Journal of theoretical biology 247, no. 4 (2007): 687-694. Sree, Pokkuluri Kiran. AIS-INMACA: A Novel Integrated MACA Based Clonal Classifier for Protein Coding and Promoter Region Prediction. J Bioinfo Comp Genom 1 (2014): 1-7. Nedunuri, SSSN Usha Devi, Inampudi Ramesh Babu, and Pokkuluri Kiran Sree. An Extensive Repot on Cellular Automata Based Artificial Immune System for Strengthening Automated Protein Prediction. Advances in Biomedical Engineering Research 1, no. 3 (2013). Fickett, James W., and Chang-Shung Tung. Assessment of protein coding measures. Nucleic acids research 20, no. 24 (1992): 6441-6450. Dreos, Renà ©, Giovanna Ambrosini, Rouayda Cavin Pà ©rier, and Philipp Bucher. EPD and EPDnew, high-quality promoter resources in the next-generation sequencing era. Nucleic acids research 41, no. D1 (2013): D157-D164.

Abortion :: essays research papers

Abortion is one of the most controversial issues around, and is an issue that will never be agreed upon. By bringing morals into the question of whether it should be legal to have abortions, this issue has been elevated to a higher level. By some people, it is no longer looked at as a question of choice but as a question of morality, and these concepts have led to a full-blown debate over something that really should not be questioned. Every woman in America has the right to decide what to do with their bodies. No government or group of people should feel that they have the right to dictate to a person what path their lives should take. People who say that they are "pro-life" are in effect no more than "anti-choice". These pro-lifers want to put the life and future of a woman into the hands of the government. At the time, which the fetus is aborted, it is not a being with personality. Anyone would agree to the fact that it is alive and human, however, it is also true that it is no more a person than a tree would be. Though the fetus may be a large grouping of human cells, with the potential to become more than that, at the state of development which the fetus has reached at the time of abortion, it is not a person and therefore should not be looked at as such. W hen does the fetus become a person? Though the legal moment at which the fetus is looked at for the first time as a human being is deemed to be at the instant that it is born, the difference between an eight- week premature infant and a 24-week-old fetus is virtually nonexistent. So should the fetus be regarded as a person, or should the premature baby still be regarded as a fetus? Thus arises the statement by the pro-life side of the argument that should not the fact that we are unable to pinpoint with absolute certainty the precise moment when a fetus suddenly develops a personality means that we ought to do away with the process until such a time that we are able to ascertain that persons are not being murdered. This argument will go on for quite some time, and is but one in a list of reasons why the pro-life supporters take the standpoint that they do.

Examinership, Receivership and Liquidation in Ireland

The collapse of the Irish economy has triggered a substantial increase in the number of companies in Ireland which are being deemed insolvent and which are no longer in a position to continue operating as viable entities. This has caused the companies directors, creditors and shareholders to seek remedies available under Irish law. The law in Ireland regarding companies in financial difficulties was originally set out by the Companies Act 1963, which was amended in 1990, and then again in 1999.All cooperate entities must adhere to the legislation set out under the Act and their individual memorandum of association and articles of association, which together constitute the constitution of a company. The principal remedies for dealing with insolvent companies are: 1. Examinership; 2. Receivership; 3. Liquidation. 1. The concept of examinership was introduced into Irish law by the Companies (Amendment) Act 1990. This legislation was enacted in order to provide companies which were in fi nancial difficulties with the chance of recovering and thereby avoiding liquidation.An examinership is where the court places a company under its protection to enable a court appointed examiner to assess the affairs of a company and consider whether it is capable of survival, and if so, puts forward proposals that will facilitate that continuation of business. The motivation behind the creation of this legislation was the prevention of the collapse of the Goodman Group. The aim of this legislation was to avoid liquidation of companies with a chance of recovering from financial difficulties.Forde and Kennedy opine that the immediate objective and consequence of the protection created by this legislation is to provide the company or companies in question with extensive immunity against its creditors and against claims being made against it. McCormack in his article â€Å"Control and Corporate Rescue† believes that this role was created as a response to changing political and bu siness dynamics in the l990s. The receivership model was seen as being too creditor centred and as not being sufficiently responsive to the concerns of other stakeholders.The feeling at the time, McCormack opined, was that â€Å"banks had pushed companies unnecessarily into insolvency by being unduly precipitate in the appointment of receivers. † The original legislation has been criticised in numerous respects, and so has been amended significantly by the CA 1999. Finlay CJ in the Supreme Court in Re Holidair Ltd, acknowledged the shortcomings of the legislation and held that it is appropriate to approach the construction of any sections in CA 1990 on the basis that the two objectives of the legislature were to provide a period of protection for a company and that a company should be continued as a going concern.The legislation was being used as a last attempt to save companies which were incapable of salvation. As John O’Donnell put it in his article ‘Nursing t he Corporate Patient – Examinership and Certification under the Companies Act, 1990’, â€Å"for many, it has been a painful experience to learn that the Act is designed to help cure the sick but cannot raise the dead. † Keane notes that the granting of the examiner is discretionary. A court may appoint an examiner where it appears that: a) A company is or is likely to be unable to pay its debts; (b) No resolution subsists for the winding-up of the company; (c) No order has been made for the winding-up of the company. Because of the effects of an examiner on a company, one should not be appointed without a real prospect of survival. Lardner J in Re Atlantic Magnetics Ltd advocated a strict test for â€Å"reasonable prospect of survival†. He was overruled by the Supreme Court, in favour of a requirement of â€Å"some prospect of survival†.Prior to the revision of CA 1990, the leading authority on the test for the appointment of an examiner was that S C decision in Re Atlantic Magnetics Ltd. The statutory revision of Section 2. 2 has effectively reversed that decision. The foregoing views are supported by the decision of the High Court in Re Tuskar Resources plc, which was the first written decision on the appointment of an examiner since the changes effected by CA 1999 were commenced. McCracken J began by analysing the changes effected to the test for the appointment.He said the new test was more in keeping with the decision of Lardner J in the High Court than with the decision in the Supreme Court – â€Å"In re Atlantic Magnetic†¦Finlay CJ also stated that there cannot be an onus of proof on a petitioner to establish as matter of probability that the company is capable of surviving as a going concern. It seems to me that this is no longer the position under the Act of 1999 by reason of the wording of the new sub-s 2(2). † He refused to appoint an examiner as the petitioner had failed to discharge the onus of proof that there was a reasonable prospect of the survival of the company.Although all petitions to have an Examiner appointed must be presented to the High Court, the HC may remit the matter to the Circuit Court under CA1990 Section 3. 9 where it appears that the total liabilities of the company, do not exceed â‚ ¬317,434. For the petition to be approved, the CA 1990 required a petition to have evidence of possibility of salvation but no detailed analysis of the company’s situation was required. This is another criticism of that Act. The petition to have an examiner appointed and the grounding affidavit must be made uberrimae fides, that is, in the utmost of good faith.What was first decided by Costello J in Re Wogans (Drogheda) Ltd has now been given statutory force by Section 4a CA 1990. Where it is discovered that the court has been misled, the entire application will be tainted. If this is discovered early in the proceedings, the examiner will be discharged where the lack of good faith is sufficiently serious. However, a lack of candour and good faith will not always result in a refusal to confirm an examiner’s proposals, as seem in Re Selukwe Ltd. There are no particular qualification requirements for an examiner. They can’t have been an officer of the company within the last 12 months.McCracken J held in Re Tuskar Resources plc that there was no bar on the person who provides the independent person’s report from acting as examiner. The person appointed is entitled to court-fixed remuneration and to costs. He can employ staff to assist or may use company staff. Section 10 CA 1990 provides that any liabilities incurred during the protection period are deemed to be legit examiner expenses. These liabilities would include new borrowing. Forde and Kennedy explain that the reason why the examiner may certify liabilities is that there may otherwise be a danger that the company’s survival as a going oncern may be prejudiced . Section 29 CA 1990 gave these liabilities and expenses priority over creditors where a scheme of arrangement was drawn up or a winding up ensued. This provision was one of the most criticised. It was deemed to subvert the whole lending process, as secured creditors lost priority. This had the potential to severely prejudice these creditors should examinership fail. Prior to the enactment of the 1999 Act, the duty of the examiner was to conduct an examination of the affairs of the company and report the results to the court within a specified period and to later present proposals and schemes of arrangement.Since the 1999 Act, that report is effectively replaced by the report of the independent accountant which must now accompany the petition. Accordingly, the duty of the examiner now is: (a) To formulate proposals for a compromise or scheme of arrangement; (b) To carry out such other duties as the court may direct him to carry out. The examiner must report to the court within 35 da ys informing then of any schemes formulated. If the court is then not satisfied, it can order the company be wound up as per Section 22 CA 1999. The examiner must meet with creditors and members to devise schemes of arrangement.The members and creditors are classed for the purpose of voting on schemes and these schemes are deemed to be accepted if the majority vote in favour from each class. Various classes can vote on the proposals, including the Revenue, etc. When these proposals go to the court, any creditor or member whose interests are impaired may be heard. If a party who was completely unaware of the proposed scheme can show that the examiner knew of his existence but failed to take reasonable steps to appraise him of the situation, he may possibly have a right of action against the examiner for damages.The court will not approve the proposals unless at least one class of creditors impaired by the proposals vote in their favour. As to the actual content of the proposals, the only requirement regarding the proposals’ intrinsic merits are that of equality within classes. Proposals must be fair and equitable and not unfairly prejudicial. The court may propose modifications to schemes and these must be voted on if significant. 2. Receivership arises in the context of secured debenture holders and provides a framework in which they may act so as to enforce their security interest.Forde and Kennedy observe that at times receivership is used not simply as a means of reimbursing creditors but more as a device for reorganising insolvent companies, so as to salvage their viable parts for the benefit of those involved. Courtney notes that the term derives from the Latin recipiere â€Å"to take†. The receiver will go to the company and take control of those assets subject to the charge. They can then dispose of those assets and pay off the principal and interest due to the debenture holder.Receiverships involve two distinct relationships as per Barr J in Bula Ltd v Crowley – â€Å"First, that between the appointing mortgagee and the receiver which relates to the fundamental objective of the receivership†¦The second relationship is that between the receiver and third parties arising out of the receivership†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The receiver is usually appointed by virtue of the debenture. The validity of the appointment of a receiver is dependent upon compliance with the terms contained in the debenture and the capacity of the company and authority of its officers to create the deb ab initio, that is, from the beginning.Courtney states that a creditor owes no special duty to a company in deciding whether or not to appoint a receiver. The fundamental issue for the debenture holder is whether or not the appointment will further their interests. However, where the appointment will not advance these interests, the appointment may be said to have been made in bad faith. The only qualifications that the law requires of receivers a re negative, i. e. certain persons are barred from becoming receivers, such as undischarged bankrupts and persons connected to or related to persons within the company, as per Section 170 CA 1990.In Wise Finance Co Ltd the court held that a company’s secretary was ineligible to act as that company’s receiver. A receiver appointed by debenture can resign with notice. The court also possesses an inherent power to appoint a receiver on application by a debenture holder. This occurs in instances where the debenture doesn’t provide for an appointment in a particular situation which has arisen. A receiver appointed by the court has the status of an officer of the court and can only resign with the authority of the court.Ellis noted that receivers, irrespective of the method of their appointment, are regarded as being in a ‘fiduciary' relationship with those who appointed them. A receiver is normally deemed to be the agent of the company by virtue of his appointm ent; however, the receiver’s primary duty is to the debenture holder. The receiver owes a fiduciary duty to the debenture holder and must conduct his receivership in good faith. The receiver is liable to the debenture holder in damages if he is negligent.The receiver is liable to the company where he is negligent in the sale of any of the company’s assets. Section 172 CA 1990 states that â€Å"a receiver, in selling property of a company, shall exercise all reasonable care to obtain the best price reasonably obtainable for the property at the time of the sale†. This gave statutory effect to the law in Ireland that a receiver should be required to ensure that he got the best price for an asset, even if a much smaller sum would realise his security, as accepted in Ireland in Lambert v Donnelly and McGowan v Gannon.It was observed by McCracken J in Ruby Property Company Ltd that this is simply a statutory acknowledgement of the position at common law. A receiver ca n’t be appointed after appointment of an examiner. If appointed in the 3 days prior to examiner appointment, he may be ordered to cease acting. 3. Liquidation terminates a company’s existence and distributes its assets in a preordained way. Carrie Jane Canniffe â€Å"Restraining a Creditor's Winding up Petition – The position since Truck and Machinery Sales Ltd v Marubeni Komatsu Ltd. , proffers the winding up process can be said to mark the formalised beginning of a company's end. There are two main forms of winding up; (a) By court order; (b) Voluntary. A voluntary winding up can be either a members’ winding up or a creditors winding up. Ussher observes that the only grounds upon which a company may be wound up by the court are stated in Section 213 of the Companies Act 1963. Two different types of grounds exist for the winding up of a company by the courts, procedural and substantive.Three different procedural grounds exist: (a) The company has resolv ed by special resolution to wind up the company. It was held in the case of Re Galway and Salthill Tramway Co. , that the board of directors may not cause it to do so without the benefit of an authorising or ratifying resolution in general meeting, or specific authority in the articles. (b) The company does not commence its business within a year from its incorporation or suspends its business for a whole year. Courtney notes this ground is rarely relied upon since only contributories, the Co itself and creditors may rely on it. c) The number of members is reduced, in the case of a private company, below two, or, in the case of any other company below seven. The most important grounds however, are those of the substantive grounds. Where; (a) The Company is unable to pay its debts. The CA 1990 provides that a company shall be deemed to be unable to pay its debts in certain circumstances: (a. 1) A creditor has not been paid a debt of â‚ ¬1000 or more within three weeks after demand ing it in writing; (a. 2) A judgment is unsatisfied; or (a. 3) It is proved to the satisfaction of the court that the company is unable to pay its debts.Keane comments that in deciding whether it has been proved that the company is unable to pay its debts, the court will generally act on evidence that a creditor has repeatedly applied for a payment without success. If, however, the company can show that there is a bona fide dispute as to the particular debt claimed, the order will not be made. Alison Keirse ‘Winding up petitions – Practical application of the Stonegate test’ observed that the decision in Re Pageboy Couriers Ltd adopted the decision of Stonegate Securities Limited v Gregory establishing this method of defeating a creditor's petition to wind up a company.However, as Courtney notes it is one thing to successfully dispute the bona fides of a debt at the hearing of a petition; even where successful, the company is exposed to a glare of adverse publici ty wherein its solvency is questioned. The first Irish case to consider an application for injunction relief against the advertisement of a petition was Clandown Ltd v Davis. Morris J held that the precise amount of the debt had to be declared before the court could order a winding up. Thus Morris J granted the injunction to restrain the publication of the petition.One result of this decision is to reinforce the principle that the courts will not permit themselves to be used as a method of debt collection. Howard Linnane ‘Oppression of Members: Section 205 Companies Act, 1963’ proffers that under the CA 1963 the court has jurisdiction to order the winding up of a company where it is ‘just and equitable’ to do so. Ussher proffers that in many cases such grounds are invoked where there is a complete deadlock between the shareholders and the company’s activities to the detriment both of the member and the creditors.The leading case is Re Yenidje Tobacco Co, the principle of which was applied in Re Irish Tourist Promotions. Kenny J wound up a company in which the two directors could not meet without the risk of unruly scenes, and the business of the company could not be conducted. In conclusion, while a company’s inability to pay its debts is the most common reason for the winding up of a company, it is not determinative. A court will only wind up a company where it is just an equitable to do so.Ultimately the appropriate remedy to be employed will be dependent upon the extent of difficulty the company finds itself. â€Å"There is of course some comfort for both companies and creditors alike that the Irish statutory framework at least contemplates solutions which draw back from the finality of ultimate dissolution of a company and facilitates interested parties a way forward through these recessionary times perhaps even to the benefit of all parties concerned. â€Å"

Child Development Theories Essay

The following paper will obtain information based upon three influential men; Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung. All three with their own theories of being and mental health will be explored. In addition to the basic theories of all three men, a comparison will be conducted based on each individual theory. Sigmund Freud was a man that believed in the unconscious mind and sexual impulses. Alfred Adler was a man that believed in the individual’s ability to be psycho analyzed as well as social relationships among people. Carl Jung was a man that believed in the individual’s past experiences as well as the individual’s religious beliefs. ‘Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler; these three figures loom large in the history of modern psychology, casting long shadows that have, in the course of one century, forever changed the way we use the first-person pronoun, â€Å"I. † Among these giants, Freud is indisputably the most towering monolith. It was Freud’s pioneering use of the term the â€Å"I† (â€Å"das Ich† in his native German, which was then translated into the Latin â€Å"ego†) that brought â€Å"ego† into common parlance and popular interest to the process of self-consciousness. ’ (Nystul, M. S. 2005) (Enlightenment Magazine 2008) Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis and he also believed that religion was of universal importance. Sigmund Freud felt that sexual impulses are the main motivation for men. He also felt that any mental activity was due to the unconscious mind. Alfred Adler was well known for his belief in individual psychology. He believed that motivational influence was due to social behavior and upbringing. This is not an uncommon belief today. The author of this paper happens to believe that it is our experience that makes us who we are. A child that grows up in a rich, non-threatening home is far more likely to have a better adult hood than that of a child that grows up in a poor, full of abuse ridden home. Not saying that someone that grows up poor and abused can make it because they could. Anyone can be anything they want if they put their mind to it. It is just that there would be a better chance of success than that of the opposite upbringing. All three men had their own interpretation. Adler believed in individual psychology. His belief that the human being should be viewed as a whole was a big find. He also believed that human beings accomplish goals because they want to not because anything is forcing them or helping them along. Adler also believed that only we have control over how our lives turn out and what we do with them. All three men were also professional about what they did and how they perceived one another. Each respecting each other, while understanding that their each individual way may not be the exact way everyone is going to view their concepts. â€Å"Individual Psychology breaks through the theory of determinism,† he writes. â€Å"No experience is a cause of success or failure. We do not suffer from the shock of our experiences—the so-called trauma—but we make out of them just what suits our purposes. We are self-determined by the meaning we give to our experiences. † Adler’s emphasis on the wholeness of the person and the fact that our values inevitably shape our experience led to his conviction that, in the end, there is only one true meaning to human life: care and love for our fellowmen. ’ (Nystul, M. S. 2005) (Enlightenment Magazine 2008) Carl Jung didn’t think that the individual past of a person was of any importance. He believed that religion was the main basis for any and all aspects of a human beings life. All three men were captivated by one another and their individual thoughts on the matter at hand. Religion was a big deal to Carl Jung and it is the experience of the author of this paper that religion is of importance to so many today. Religion is of values and beliefs that most everyone has whether they are Christian, Catholic, Buddhist, or any other religion that exists. Tradition shows that most religions have a set of beliefs and values that are followed by each member of that religion. Meeting every week on a certain day- Christians on Wednesdays and Sundays. It is following the values and beliefs provided by the church that Carl Jung believed in so much. If one is to be true to the church that would in fact have an effect on the way that individual would carry him or herself. In conclusion, Freud, Alder, and Jung have three very different outlooks on psychological theories. ‘All three of these remarkable men knew and worked with each other. In their day, these three men were on the cutting edge of the newest science of western civilization. If not for Freud, Alder, and Jung psychology would not have evolved into the field that it is today. ’ Life is full of surprises and one may never know what is going to happen next. Without theories or experiments, the knowledge of psychology would not have evolved into what it is today. Learning is the key to life and there is no such thing as too much knowledge. (Douglas C. 2005) References Enlightenment Magazine (2008) what is â€Å"Dis Ich† retrieved from: http://www. enlightenmentmagazine. com Nystul, M. S. (2005) Introduction to Counseling: an Art and Science Perspective (3rd edition) New York: Pearson Douglas, C. (2005). Current psychotherapies. (7th Edition) (pgs. 96-129) Itasca, Ill. F. E. Peacock.